Four provincial case studies Deepening rural poverty is of great concern. Yet, too little is known about how people survive in the rural areas of South Africa, and in particular how peoples survival strategies are adapting to changing economic circumstances. This study sheds light n the experience of rural dwellers in respect of four areas of economic activity in four provinces Limpopo, Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The report highlights the challenges faced by public policy in addressing rural poverty. For example, although growing competitiveness and dynamism in commercial farming may have benefits, this has been detrimental to more marginalised workers. It is a crucial resource for economists with a special interest in developing economies and those working in development, or policy-makers and development planners; students of economics, sociology and development studies.